Classification (Craze Lines – crack, Fractured cusp – broken bump, Cracked tooth – broken tooth, Split tooth - split tooth).

Clinical signs.

Diagnostics.

Treatment methods and prognosis.

Recommendations for prevention.

The role of pathology in predicting treatment.

Clinical and radiological signs.

Cone beam CT and VRF.

VRF and the failure of endodontic treatment.

Clinical guidelines for endodontists to reduce the likelihood of vertical fractures.

Biomechanics of instrumental channel processing.

Chemical effects on the physical structure.

Mechanical aspects of lateral compression and vertical condensation.

Clinical guidelines for orthopaedists to reduce the likelihood of vertical fractures.

The problem of "reinforcement"

Selection of channels for the anchor pin/tab.

Orthopedic canal treatment.

A step-by-step diagnostic process (including exploratory surgery and primary treatment).

A modern approach to problem solving.

Choice of procedure: apexogenesis or apexification.

Nuances of the apexogenesis procedure. Apexogenesis and direct pulp coating.

Apexification in the practice of a pedodontist (childhood) and an endodontist therapist.

Open apex options.

Incomplete development.

Apical resorption.

Materials Science: Ca(OH)2, MTA, IRM, SuperEBA.

From multi-stage procedures to single-stage techniques.

Biological justification.

Technical performance.

The author's method of choosing a case (not everything is as simple as we would like).

The choice of treatment methods and their comparative characteristics in young and adult patients.

Dangers and their prevention.

Possible restorations.

Is revascularization a reality of clinical practice or was it just our imagination?

Technique of execution and analysis of clinical examples.

Our opportunities are in the near future.